EAST VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA - MAY 11, 2016: Man with a bandanna covering his face shows the hand-sign for East Vancouver, Stop mafia conceptual illustration. Lexipol. For example many larger, well established gangs have their own societal rules of behavior (laws), tribunals to punish rule-breakers (courts), dues collection (taxes) and even their own holidays! Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. The Crips also make a gang sign which is forming a C with their hand. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms says the Black Disciple Gangster Nation remains strong, with 30,000 members around Chicago and in 30 other states. This sign has also been adopted by local Houston gangs such as Bloods or some Hispanic gangs. All rights reserved. 83 Gangster Crips; Black Disciples; Cypress Creek EMS; Hospital emergency codes; Firearms.223 Remington; 5.45x39mm; 5.56x45mm NATO; 7.5x55mm Schmidt Rubin; 7.62x39mm; 7.92x33mm Kurz; Flechette; . DragonEye Tech: Leaders in LIDAR Speed Measurement, Gangs use graffiti to mark their territory, mourn fallen members and challenge rival gangs. As per the news reports currently, it is having more than 30,000 active . That the . While he was employed as a DeKalb County police officer, federal agents captured Gumbs on recorded phone calls with the Chief Enforcer for the Georgia Gangster Disciples. Other than chicago and northern Illinois, Gangster Disciples have a huge presence in Springfield,Illinois and East St.Louis.With more than 1,000 known members in the state capitol. A brew master or chef knows all the ingredients and the times and temperatures required to create a great beer or meal, but along the way, subjective analysis comes into play: It needs another five degrees of heat or Add a little salt. https://srdtf.org/gang-signs-gang-symbols-in-united-states, GDGang:GDGangSigns, Gangster Disciples GangGDGang | Gangster Disciples. Having to respond violently to cross outs from rival gangs cuts into the bottom line. [3] Graffiti characteristic of the Gangster Disciples has been reportedly seen in U.S. military bases in Iraq and Afghanistan. To yourself, and each committed brother of our Nation. Portrait of a young man showing gang signs against an urban background. The essential beliefs of this cult or religion were conveyed through rituals and the exchange of sacred objects engraved with symbols such as falcons, crosses, and rattlesnakes. If anything speaks to the fact that these groups are well-established and sophisticated, it is the way that they communicate using gang codes. We Loginhu.com has verified all the links of gd hand signs. Look for a box or option labeled Home Page (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari) or On Startup (Chrome). Explains that the black gangster disciples faced a change in 1974, when david barksdale died of kidney failure. The art of deciphering again provided a starting point. Cropped photo of female hand pushing the emergency gang button while sitting in the car, Hand writing sign Gang Culture. LOVE GD!, Symbols: Black Diamond, Playboy Bunny w/Bowtie, Tophat, Cane, Dollar sign ($), Dice, Martini glass, 5 point Star, Gangster Disciples have been documented in the U.S. military, found in both U.S. and overseas bases. (Mississippi Association of Gang Investigators) Most gang literature is passed down by being handwritten, copied from a previous copy which was copied by someone before them. Nazis, Neo-Nazis, People Nation, Black P. Stones, Almighty Vice Lord Nation, Bloods, Mickey Cobras, Latin Kings, R.O.C, Crips (certain sets) sur13. Formed in 1974 as a 60-man operation, the GD has matured into a centralized criminal organization with nearly 30,000 members in . Once again, note that these sets often use their names or letter initials along with Folk Nation symbols to identify themselves. do share this page to your friends and family. Contact Richmond Police Department and let them know your concerns. gangster disciple 74 gd hand signs. Gang Signs & Gang Symbols of Top 10 Gangs in United States. Principal Deputy Chief Kim S. Dammers of the Criminal Divisions Organized Crime and Gang Section (OCGS), Assistant U.S. Conversely, a tag in what you considered to be a rival gangs turf that isnt crossed out may indicate a shift in the balance of power between two gangs with one gang losing turf. It has become the most comprehensive and trusted online destination for correctional professionals nationwide. This symbolizes the alliance they have to protect the members that are in jail. Do Not Sell My Personal Information. 5pt star is used by PEOPLE Nation sets like Latin Kings and Vice Lords. The fourth line contained All Is Not Well,. Blow brass knuckles from above down, infliction grievous bodily harm and mutilations. The F.B.I. Attorneys Ryan K. Buchanan, Deputy Chief of the Violent Crime and National Security Section, Erin N. Spritzer of the Northern District of Georgia, and Trial Attorney Conor Mulroe of OCGS prosecuted the case. They like to wear sports clothing such as Starter jackets that include the color red. Aryan Brotherhood, White Supremacist, Ku Klux Klan, Love of the Nation is greater than mere love alone, because we have a brotherhood in which love is as deep as the deep blue sea. Prison gangs tend to display a distinct hierarchical structure. There have been other indications clearly suggesting that many FOLKS members internally have aligned themselves with pseudo-Judaism principles (such as practicing a kosher diet) just as rival People Nation members have aligned themselves with pseudo-Islamic principles which is even further evidenced by Mickey Cobra Oath in which members swear allegiance to Allah. This provides a rough time stamp as to when the cross out occurred. Mudras are basically of two types - Asamyukta Hasta (or Asamyuta) (Single Hand Gestures) and Samyukta Hasta (or Samyuta) (Double Hand Gestures) Asamyukta Hasta (read: Uh-sum-yook-tha Husstha) - It is done using a single hand . The figures shown in (Illustration #11) depict a basic form of this type of code which was initially created by Rosicrucians and Freemasons. SEE MORE VIDEOS HERE!! Teamwork stacking hand concept. The second most well known symbol of theGangster Disciplesis the three pointed pitch fork, which is also the basis of their representativehandsign. As per the news reports currently, it is having more than 30,000 active It was founded in 1968 by Larry Hoover in the Southside of Chicago, Illinois. . Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Gang Hand Sign Stock Photos, Images & Pictures. Gangster Disciples Also known asGD, Is an African American gang that operates in both prisons as well as streets. Black Gangster . Global social problem, Stop crime organized conceptual illustration. Word sale on white paper, Signals on the road. The second most well known symbol of the Gangster Disciples is the three pointed pitch fork (the rakes), which is also the basis of their representative hand-sign. The document in this sample is a document produced by the Black Gangster Disciples. These symbols are very popular on jewelry and as tattoos. It can literally mean nothing in certain instances, while in other circumstances it conveys important messages between gang members - both friend and foe. In the following code samples, I will explain how I used the art of deciphering and the science of code breaking together to decipher a coded document. This both represents the Gangster Disciple Nation and shows disrespect to the AVLN. Apr 25, 2019. . Each gang has a sign or symbol that is formed with hands and fingers. https://srdtf.org/gd-gang-gd-gang-signsgangster-disciples-members-and-rappers. The second line contained Alls Well (Note the punctuation). According to an article by the Canadian Museum of History, Perhaps the shape originated from the creation story, in which the world is conceived as a flat plane with four corners representing the north, east, south and west. They article continued, When the sky rose up, forming an invisible central axis like a pole or tree in the centre, the world took on the shape of a pyramid. Another idea relates to the slopes of the pyramids. ). BD(Black disciple) and GD(Gangster Disciples) later becoming enemies. This can be especially true with crews that focus on money-making schemes like drug dealing. But incase you have an issues with gd hand signs do let us know. Inverted pyramid. This sign has also been adopted by local Houston gangs such as Bloods or some Hispanic gangs. Beware These 5 Traps. Check thegd hand signsis Listed below. International Posse. They may also be ashed as a warning or threat to rival gangs. Enter https://www.corrections1.com/ and click OK. The year 2020 marks the 150th anniversary of the Department of Justice. Red is like an add-on; It's a color most Chicago gangs use to represent the blood shed of their comrads or it can be worn by the top "shooters" in each set. October 30, 2021. They are also represented by the colors Blue and Black. Hand writing sign Gang Culture, Internet, Handsome stylish man standing with a sign in hand in studio on blue background, Handsome stylish man standing with a sign in his hand in the studio on a blue background. 'b' for Blood This system is a combination of symbols that represent the Gangster Disciple Nation or the Folk Nation as a whole and symbols that rivals use to represent their organization, typically inverted to show disrespect., It has been known in East Los Angeles for a lot of gang activity around the Klein Way road and 54th Street, mainly on the corner what is called 'Cedar Block'. The Black Disciples use the treys which is similar to the rakes but instead uses the index, ring, & middle fingers. Evidence showed that Gumbs relayed sensitive law enforcement information to the gang and provided a firearm to a fellow gang member. The Crips also make a gang sign which is forming a C with their hand. Download Gang Hand Sign stock photos. Inverted shepherd's cane. There are numerous spelling errors in this document (e.g. In the county where I work, I know of at least three gangs that claim the 500 block of a particular street as their turf, thus they use tags such as 500 or 500 blk. Nationwide there are hundreds of gangs that also claim 500, so putting your request on blast will yield many answers unrelated to the crew you are investigating. FOLKS Nation graffiti is also known to contain: Hip-Hop Database Wiki is a FANDOM Music Community. Tony Allen. . Flag of Israel for the star of Star Of David. Often times it is their rival gang, the Black Disciples, who use the term. https://www.slideshare.net/klind4/gangster-discipleshandsignals, Gangster DisciplesHandSignals 1 Share. All rights reserved. He can be contacted at: KLIVANS@optonline.net. We've updated our privacy policy. Evidence at trial showed that the Gangster Disciples were responsible for 24 shootings from 2011 through 2015, including 12 murders. G was Hoover's gangster symbol. Simon City Royals. Do Not Sell My Personal Information, If you need further help setting your homepage, check your browsers Help menu. If the science of counting the frequency of symbols was used to try to decode this document it would fail because the writer used multiple symbols to represent some letters of the alphabet (Illustration #3). It's the most comprehensive and trusted online destination for law enforcement agencies and police departments worldwide. GD Gang: GD Gang Signs, - Gangster Disciples Gang GD Gang | Gangster Disciples. They are also known to wear Dallas Cowboys clothing, whose logo contains a five-pointed star. 183. Mostly African American although some members may be Caucasian. GDGang,GDGangSigns, Gangster Disciples Gang,GDGangHandSigns, Gangster DisciplesSigns,GDGang Wallpaper,GDGang Tattoos,GDGang Codes,GDGang Colors,GDGang Members, Insane Gangster Disciples, Gangster Disciples Rappers. Some of the art of deciphering this document was in knowing how important the Crown and the phrase Amor de Rey are to the Latin King gang (Illustrations #16 & #17). Enforcers mete out fines and violations which included punishments ranging from beatings to death for members who break gang rules. Abstract. Peewee gangsters, excited to demonstrate their affiliation with a gang, will tag almost anything. The number six plays prominently into most GD & BD symbols which represent the Star Of David. The Folks symbol is the star of King David which has 6 points, and every point on the star has its own meaning; Love, Life, Loyalty, Wisdom, Knowledge, and Understanding. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. He has spent much of his career as a gang and narcotics investigator. They would spray graffiti wherever they could find a place to show off their symbols and make themselves known. Also, you can contact us for being unable to login into the gangster disciple 74 gd hand signs But Most of the time you will definitely reach the correct login pages because we have verified all the links on Loginma.com without compromise. The six-point star was David's disciples symbol. Vancito Gumbs, 28, of Stone Mountain, Georgia, claimed to be a hitman for the Gangster Disciples while at the same time serving as a police officer. Crip Clique. This can then be cross-referenced to acts of violence between rival gangs to try to determine who committed the act. It also signifies profits through distribution of drugs. Collectively embraces all concepts, ideas, and actions that apply to our Nation. A former DeKalb County, Georgia, police officer and member of the Gangster Disciples was sentenced to 15 years in prison followed by five years of supervised release for racketeering conspiracy involving murder, announced Acting Assistant Attorney General Brian C. Rabbitt of the Justice Departments Criminal Division and U.S. Attorney Byung J. With a Pitchfork in my hand and a Six on my chest. A gang signal is a visual or verbal way gang members identify their affiliation. Dreamstime is the world`s largest stock photography community. finds relevant news, identifies important training information, Criminal - Organized Crime and Gang Section. The Saga Continues (Bloods & Crips album), It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa (Eazy-E ep album), Def Jam Fight for NY: The Takeover (video game), AKSHUN MAN - ThugMinded (Fast Cars) Video By Hollow Point Pictures, Regie Marvelous - 160 bang bang(montreal rap)UPTOWN, Regie Marvelous - Bout it Bout it(Montreal rap)160, REGIE MARVELOUS Feat flawless , propane , demon514 - 160 TAKE OVER (official video)MONTREAL RAP, Rappers and Rap Groups (MS-IL-NY-TN-GA-NC-Rest of the World). Its important to photograph and document graffiti as soon as it pops up. This document (Illustration #14 and #15) starts in English and then becomes code symbols. For these designs to be interpreted, hard labor had to be done to create the, The major symbol Gangster Disciples make use of is the six-pointed star (similar to the Star of David) The fact that this star is known as the Star of David pays homage to co-founder David Barksdale, and the six points are said to represent Life, Love, Loyalty, Wisdom, Knowledge and Understanding. In certain instances, a rival gang member will use his moniker as part of the cross-out process, providing even more intelligence. A diss directed towards the GD's ( Gangster Disciples ). Copy & Paste Gang Emojis & Symbols | !_ |) . The gang is highly structured, with a hierarchy of leadership positions known as Positions of Authority or POAs. The gang strictly enforces rules for its members, the most important of which is Silence and Secrecy a prohibition on cooperating with law enforcement. Another gang code deliberately avoided familiar symbols but was able to be deciphered because of the use of the gang name within the document. In my jurisdiction, after a gang member was killed, several RIP tags sprung up. Explains that larry hoover remained king of the black gangster disciples, while shorty freeman became king of a splinter group, the 'gangster . Learn more about anonymous tip lines in Richmond. These can be good for gathering police intelligence regarding gang monikers. mid-1980s, the Gangster Disciple Nation emigrated from Chicago, Illinois and established a foothold in the Seattle-Tacoma area.1 Other Hispanic gangs, such as the Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) did not appear in Seattle until the late 1990s. Over time, the new gang spread across the US. The FBI's FOIA Library contains many files of public interest and historical value. Open hand with the text stop mafia, Open hand with the text stop crime organized. Gang Signs & Gang Symbols of Blood Gang, Crip Gang, GD Gang, Bd Gang, Latin King Gang, People Nation Gang, MS 13 Gang, Sureno & Norteno & Folk Nation Gang. Violations of the rule are punishable by death. GANGSTER DISCIPLES This type of code is very flexible because the users can place any letter in any symbol opening. The gang dresses mainly in black, favoring Oakland Raiders team gear. Hooligans and street gangs. The code symbols used in this document are shown in (Illustration #18). Note the use of dots to indicate which tic-tac-toe or X symbol is to be used. This starts with knowing the gangs in your jurisdiction, what they claim as turf and their monikers. Click here to review the details. We conducted surveillance at his funeral and were able to confirm many of the gang members monikers by matching up the attendees to the names on the tags. The Gangster Disciples (often abbreviated as the GD's, formerly GDN) are an African American street and prison gang, which was formed in 1969, by Larry Hoover and David Barksdale.The two rival gangsters united together to form the Black Gangster Disciple Nation (BGDN).Since 1989, after a decline in leadership caused friction between the two gangs, the BGDN has divided into different factions . Gangster Disciples often use titles for positions within the gang. Select the option or tab named Internet Options (Internet Explorer), Options (Firefox), Preferences (Safari) or Settings (Chrome). And these members are operating in North . The Devil's Disciples were mostly male African-Americans, 15-18 years of age, frequenting the intersection of 53rd St. and Kimbark Ave., and operated from 53rd and Woodlawn to 49th St. and Dorchester Ave. American Sign Language. 5pt star is used by PEOPLE Nation sets like Latin Kings and Vice Lords. Your votes help make this page better. The president and vice-president of the group Mac "Blue Devil" Aurther and Donise David "Big D" Barksdale, they had formed the small gang as a way to protect themselves from the growing Vice Lords gang, which lived in the surrounding area and also heavily occupied Lawndale and Woodlawn. These tags may not be sanctioned or authorized by more senior gang members. Rappers. The sign is usually a number or symbol that represents the gang. History, identifiers and how a gang communicates are all components of the subjective analysis required to decipher the coded document. This hampers the use of letter frequency charts. GDK stands for Gangster Disciple Killer anyone who's GDK hate GD's and are against them for example rappers Pop Smoke and Fivio Foreign are GDK since they beef with GD's in Brooklyn, New York. The fact that this star is known as the Star of David pays homage to co-founder David . Gangs use of codes is one of the most fascinating and least understood aspects of gang investigation. These symbols were carved, modeled, inscribed, and painted on many various materials (Caddo Fundamentals, 2003)., The organization of the Gangster Disciples and their battle plans were created by Gangster Disciple's chief, Larry King Hoover. You may want to drink more water to get rid of the parched feeling. Shows that we are able to communicate effectively, bringing about agreements, and a positive state of mind. The slanted sides of a pyramid were believed to be designed to lead the pharaohs soul to heaven, representative of the rays of the sun (Parker). Basic Street Gangs: "Hand Signs" Michael "Bishop" Brown. in illustration #14 and #16, the word first is spelled frist) which would have hampered the use of science without art. By John Davis. Another sample was a well-known type of code that has been adopted by gangs. Despite there being no ostensible references to the country of Israel or Jewish religion in most open source literature on the subject of Gangster Disciples, some rival People Nation members will at times refer to someone suspected of being an organizational infiltrator, mole, spy, supporter, or sympathizer as being "Jewish." A pair of pitchforks may be seen in GD graffiti crossed behind a six pointed star, with the tines of the fork always placed in a vertical position. The Black Gangster Disciples split into a number of factions, including the Black Disciples (BD) and the Gangster Disciples (GD). Copyright 2023 Hobby Shop. Copyright 2023 Police1. https://www.slideshare.net/klind4/gangster-discipleshandsignals, Gangster DisciplesHandSignals 1 Share. Police1 is revolutionizing the way the law enforcement community One hypothesized reason for the shape of the pyramids evolves from the story of creation. Using this as a guide I placed some of these now known letters back into words in the document and mixed with a little more art and science, I was able to decipher the remaining portions of the coded document and develop the list of code symbols shown in (Illustration #10). They graffiti a lot and it can have many meanings. 22, 2009 . Cheerful girls join hands together as a sign of unity and joint successful work. About the author: GS KLIVANS is a gang consultant and lecturer. He served in the US Army Reserve for 30 years in Military Intelligence and CID (Federal Agent). Often the iconography illustrates scenes of violence and warfare, such as warrior figures holding weapons and decapitated heads. Copyright 2023 The Creator. He previously served as a paratrooper in the US Army and is a veteran of Operation Iraqi Freedom. researches product purchases and suppliers. Concept: street gang of hooligans. Occasionally gang members will list many of the monikers in conjunction with a RIP tag, sort of like a sympathy card. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Copyright 2023 Corrections1. They referred to each other as cuzz which was short for cousin. More senior gang members, especially those who have been through the courts after being charged with a gang enhancement, may frown on the practice. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. He has a Masters Degree from the University Of San Francisco. This code was broken because of familiarity with the way gang members communicate with each other. All of these codes were able to be deciphered by using a combination of science and the art of deciphering a gang code. Note that in (Illustration #17) the term Amor de Rey is abbreviated as ADR. Hand signs are another means of non-verbal communication used among gangs. Gangster Disciples Also known as GD, Is an African American gang that operates in both prisons as well as streets. Bloods members identify themselves through various gang indicators such as colors, clothing, symbols, tattoos, jewelry, graffiti, language, and hand signs. The acts of bending them is known as cracking the trey which is considered very disrespectful to them & come with life threatening consequences. The six pointed Star of David, a Jewish religious symbol in honor of King David, is used by the gang in its graffiti. The cane is a symbol of the AVLN, a powerful faction in the People Nation and a top rival of the Gangster Disciples. As I examined the document I saw what appeared to be the word Bloods as shown in (Illustration #9). They are often thrown quickly, making interp. Female teenage hand clutching brass knuckles, close-up. The member also use hand signs to communicate with fellow members. On later calls, the Chief Enforcer noted that he had Gangster Disciples police officers at his disposal. Signs, symbols and colors are displayed through the use of graffiti, hand signs, tattoos, clothing, bandannas, caps, shoes, and jewelry to show affiliation with a particular gang. In compliance with the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) requirements, some of these records are no longer in the physical possession of the FBI, eliminating the FBI's capability to re-review and/or re-process this material. A cross out crossing out, covering up or writing over a gangs tag is a flagrant act of disrespect and can often be an indicator of future violence between gangs. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Under the directors are about 15 governors who look over up to 1,500 members each in specific territories. Gang investigators need to be able to separate the important from the irrelevant. Symbols, Signs and Emblems Like most major gangs, Gangster Disciples use a well-defined system of symbols to communicate alliances and rivalries. A dry mouth may gohand-in-handwith your increased thirst. Crip Clique. David was very close with many of the other gang leaders in the area including Eugene "Bull" Hairston of the Black Stone Rangers and Jerome Freeman of the Black King Cobras., more to the artwork then what is shown. The art of deciphering a gang code, much like being a brew master or great chef, uses both science and experience. SpanishGangster Disciples. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Latin Kings Gang Sign . They sported the color with handkerchiefs and rags that they could choose wear however they wanted to. According to the charges and other information presented in court, the Gangster Disciples are a national gang with roots in Chicago dating back to the 1970s. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. [2], The assumption and use of the accouterments of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, also called the Southern Cult, is another commonality. As per the news reports currently, it is having more than 30,000 active members. Blood Gang Sign. Love, Life, Loyalty, Knowledge, Wisdom, and Understanding. During the Lakers' championship celebration on Sunday, LeBron and Dion Waiters busted out a one finger handshake that is similar to a gang sign diss called "dropping rakes" which is meant to disrespect Chicago's Gangster Disciples gang. They paint the picture; its up to you to interpret it. Maniac LatinDisciples. Gangs use of codes is one of the most fascinating and least understood aspects of gang investigation. The latest scary gang sign in Atlanta. Generally younger gang members do most of the tagging. These territories are subdivided between regents and coordinators in which they distribute drugs, oversee operations, manage security forces, and collect profits and dues called street taxes. RIP tags memorialize dead gang members. The Dollar Sign is used by Vice Lords and the C-Notes. It was founded in 1968 by Larry Hoover in the Southside of Chicago, Illinois. The cane can be incorporated into the handle of crossed pitchforks, so that the upward facing half is a fork and the downward pointing half is a cane. was formed on the south side of Chicago in a hood known as Englewood in July of 1961. Evidence at trial showed that the Gangster Disciples were responsible for 24 shootings from 2011 through 2015, including 12 murders. UPDATE : Cardi B drops sneaker collection This content could not be . Word Written on particular organization of criminals or group of gangsters that, Hand writing sign Gang Culture. Hands of a multi-ethnic group of friends joined together as a sign of support and teamwork. GangstaDisciple, a.k.a. This can take many forms including slogans, tattoos, hand signs and colored clothing. Gangster Disciplesor also Growth and Development, a Chicago based organization that came out of the Black DevilDisciplesand the Supreme Gangsters, at that time it was known as BGD but then later on they dropped the B and were just GD. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Lexipol. interacts online and researches product purchases Many small prison gangs require all members to recognize their group members at all times in the organization. Dropping a rake means throwing a gang sign, one which is seen as disrespectful towards the Chicago gang, The Gangster Disciples. Thats how most people envision the science of deciphering a code. It includes the philosophies, the lingo, the meanings of their tattoos and symbols, codes, and . A group of teenagers ranging from the age 14-19 have been seen around the area, which have been noticed as affiliates of the gang called "Gangster Disciples", controlling the majority of the drug trade in East LA as well for being responsible for several violent crimes in the area. Homegrown street gangs such as the United Latinos were formed in Seattle in the early 1990s.2 Gang Legislation Read more about this topic: Gangster Disciples, Time has an undertaking establishment on every block and drives his coffin nails faster than the steam riveters rivet or the stenographers type or the tickers tick out fours and eights and dollar signs and ciphers.John Dos Passos (18961970), All Loves Emblems and all cry,Ladies, if not pluckt we dye,John Fletcher (15791625).