task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: Psychology Chapter 12 Flashcards - Cram.com When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. New York Times, p.C1. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. Cognitive Dissonance. 3. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. The five ratings were: 1. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. This has many practical implications. The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. 47 14 This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. This has many practical implications. Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 1 For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. Hum. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. Introducing Cram Folders! PDF An Introduction to Cognitive Dissonance Theory and an Overview of Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. In groupthink, members of the group______. Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. Sherry H. Priester In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. /Text The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. . This is most like which of the following techniques? (The secretary had left the office.) These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun.